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Lesson 1 - The Early Days: Pre-Anime History
In the early 20th century, motion pictures and the audio that would eventually accompany them were in their infancy. Forays by Western artists into the film industry were followed by those in the East, Japan included. The first animated films also were born in this time, and the idea of a "cartoon" was just making its way off of the newspaper pages and into films. Though the West had very few creations that were animated in this way, they still creeped ahead, and it was not until 1914 that Japanese cartoonists began their own experiments with animated motion pictures, and those that did make it onto the projector screen are hardly worth mentioning.
Part of this was due to the already-dominant presence of Western animators in the world, most notably, the Walt Disney studios (creators of Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and many other popular cartoon characters still known today) and the Fleischer Brothers (who went on to animate Popeye the Sailor and Superman, but who were most well-known for their creation of "flapper" girl Betty Boop). These two forces in the animation world produced masterpieces that would set standards for the "Cartoon" medium for years to come. Disney, with full-length creations like "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" and breakthrough shorts such as the famous "Steamboat Willie" cartoon with the first appearance of Mickey Mouse, was instrumental in dictating the standard for animated materials.
By comparison, the Japanese were slow to get into the realm of animation, and, as said above, are hardly mentionable with regards to early animated filmography. While this can possibly be attributed to normal conservatism on the part of the Japanese, one could also cite Japan's fairly recent (albeit over 50 years ago) rise out of global isolationism as a factor in the acceptance of (or resistance to) experimental mediums such as animation. Comparisons with the revolutionary animated products of the West seemed to be a no-contest.
However, as the Second World War came and went, the Japanese would experience a movement into animation not unlike the rise of its counterparts in the West. These would be the seeds that would eventually grow into the medium of anime.
Lesson 2 - The Birth of Anime
During and after the Second World War, there was a man by the name of Osamu Tezuka. A factory worker during the war and an aspiring doctor, Tezuka was heavily influenced by the early animation of Disney and the Flesicher Brothers in the West. As a child, Tezuka found solace and enjoyment in his father's projector reels featuring characters such as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. He also found popularity and respect among his peers for imitating the style of the cartoons he saw, by drawing ones of his own. It was this early love of animation that would fuel not only his future success, but also, ultimately, the birth of anime and manga as we know it today.
Historians and knowledgeable fans alike agree that Tezuka was the precursor to both manga and anime, and there's definitely good reasoning and evidence behind it. He was the first to come out with a novel-length drawn story (titled "Shintakarajima", or "New Treasure Island") in 1947, the very first well-known "tankoubon" or "graphic novel" as the West calls them. In 1963, he was the first to produce an internationally successful animation series in "Testuwan Atom", or, as we know it, "Astro Boy". Along with Toei Animation (which Tezuka had worked with as a character designer), Tezuka's Mushi Productions was among the first in Japanese animation studios.
In both his drawn stories and in his animation, Tezuka was a pioneer to the Japanese. Drawing on the influences of the cartoons he watched as a child, Tezuka used large heads and expressive faces in his style of drawing. The unusually large eyes especially were of note, as Tezuka wanted to be able to display a range of emotions for his characters, and felt that large eyes were essential to achieving this. This drawing and animation style of Tezuka's would go on to influence many future anime and manga artists, and the trend can still be seen today in many popular anime.
astro boy picTezuka and his studio were also revolutionaries in that they told overhanging plot and stories with their animation. Unlike the West, where individual cartoons were mostly episodic in nature (i.e. "stand-alone"), Tezuka's "Astro Boy" and later work "Kimba the White Lion" told a continuing story revolving around recurring characters, both heroes and villains. Characters were also subject to change - for example, Kimba eventually grows from a young lion into an adult lion.This use of plot elements, previously seen only in live-action TV series, was something that would become one of the main appeals and selling points of anime for most, if not all its fans.
Lesson 3 - Anime Rises to Power: The Early 70's
As Mushi and Toei continued to pave the way for Japanese animation to succeed, the anime medium began to change and grow. The period of the 1970's saw changes in the Japanese animation medium that began to split it from its previously-influential Western sources. The groundwork was now laid for the animation field in Japan and certain series in the 1970's highlighted things that were to become the foundation of the "uniqueness" of the anime medium.
One of the most obvious anime "trends" that was established in this time period was the appearance of "mecha" in anime. Mecha, short for "mechanical", is the term used to describe the giant robots and machines that are typical of some anime shown today. Mecha anime has become somewhat of a sub-genre of anime itself and is one of its most common vanguards, and its roots date back to the 1970's.
Mazinger picOne of the earliest "mecha" types of anime was "Mazinger Z", a creation of artist Go Nagai, who would go on to influence another trend in anime in later years. The story revolved around an evil mad scientist, Dr. Hell, who had found lost robotic technology and used it to build robots of destruction. To counter this, a rival scientist created Mazinger Z, a robot with a plethora of weapons and abilities. Unfortunately, the scientist was killed by the evil Dr. Hell, but not before the scientist's grandson was warned, enabling him to find and pilot the large Mazinger machine. Mazinger Z went on to spawn many episodes and feature films and was one of the most successful of mecha animes. It seemed that giant robot battles were things that drew in viewers in Japan, which explains the later success of live-action series such as Ultraman.
Another convention that began to be used in anime in the 70's was a tweaking of the conventional plot aspects that had become ingrained in anime at its inception a decade or so ago. Aside from the regular "good guy" vs. "bad guy" concept, subtle variations in storyline and character perception began to appear. The anime "Lupin Sansei" or "Lupin III" focused on a main "good guy" character with rather unscrupulous qualities (he was a master thief). The misadventures of Lupin were among some of the more prominent series during this time. "Devilman" was another anime with an "anti-hero", in that it involved a main character who possessed a demon in order to defeat other demons. These series and more would guarantee more "unconventionality" in anime, and an expansion of its characterization formulae.
Mobile suit gundom 0080 pipMecha and unique characterization would come together, however, in a drama/action series that was to become one of the most acclaimed anime series of all time. "Mobile Suit Gundam", first appearing in 1979, involved a war between Earth and its first space colonies, using mechanical piloted robot "suits" for warfare. These "Gundam" mechas were among one of the most loved among viewers at the time and a healthy merchandising market of models served to bolster the series' popularity. In addition to the heart-stopping battles, the thematics of war were introduced into the series. War was not without consequences, and the situations and thoughts of the characters in the series captivated audienes as much as the action did. With the success of the Gundam series, the anime movement was prepared to explode onto the Japanese (and international) scene - and it did.
Lesson 4 - The Anime Boom of the 80's and 90's
As the 80's came and went on, Anime began to kick into high gear. By this time, the Japanese animation medium was a national mainstay and an international cult fan favorite (known as "Japanimation"). Though the few anime series that did make it onto international shores were either very vaguely known, such as Speed Racer, or horrendously cut for public consumption, such as Robotech (made from bits and pieces of three original related mecha series in Japan, with drastic changes in storyline), the medium continued its rise.
Ranma picContinuing with Tezuka's fundamental trend in telling stories as well as following the drama that was seen in such series as Mobile Suit Gundam, acclaimed manga artist Rumiko Takahashi was (and still is) one of the most prominent figures during this time period. Having first become known for her comedy work "Lum: Urusei Yatsura" ("Those Obnoxious Aliens"), which was extremely popular, Takahashi dabbled in the romantic and comedy fields, drawing and animating some of the best-known anime series of all time. "Ranma 1/2", which concentrated on a main character with the ability to change gender via hot and cold water, is still popular and is still being released today by Viz Video and ran for over 100 episodes. And today, Takahashi is adding a feather of horror to her already plentiful plume, with "Inu-Yasha" - a story containing romantic, horror, and comedy elements. The story centers around a girl who finds a well that goes back in time to ancient mythological Japan, where she teams up with a half-demon in order to save the world.
As Takahashi and others continued to develop anime's storytelling, Go Nagai, creator of Mazinger Z, and others in his vein worked to develop an aspect of anime that had until now had seen minimal exposure in some of Tezuka's manga works - that of anime for adults. Breaking from the concept that animation was supposed to be only for kids, Nagai created series such as "Cutey Honey", featuring a rather well-endowed female lead who could change appearance into any number of seductive roles, and "Kekko Kamen", a hilarious satire on superhero animations that featured, of all things, a naked superheroine. This and other "adult anime" have been said by some to be a blessing and a curse - while it does add another dimension to the medium, it also fuels one of anime's greatest stereotypes of being nothing more than "animated pornography". Regardless, Nagai's work helped to expose the anime medium to even more types of fans.
Akira picThe number of well-known anime series had doubled, if not tripled, from the early 70's, as companies like Shogakukan/Kitty Films and Pioneer joined the already-established Toei Animation and Tezuka Productions. But the final establishment of anime's national and international presence was yet to come. Two milestones in the history of anime were created during this already booming time period. The first of these was "Akira" released in 1988 to worldwide acclaim. Set in apocalyptic Tokyo, the film featured a motorcycle gang that faces internal strife after their discovery of a child with psychic abilities. Ultimately this struggle has more to it than meets the eye as the military, government scientists, and resistance movements become involved. With its incredible, somewhat gory animation, action, and gripping storyline, Akira became one of the best-known anime feature films not only in Japan, but all over the world, and is one that some anime fans will say got them into the genre in the first place.
Ghost in the Shell pic1995 brought with it the second milestone in anime - Masamune Shirow's "Ghost in the Shell", another feature film set in a cyberpunk-like era. In this age, humans are enhanced with cybernetic parts and have mastered the ability to travel through an internet-like sea of information, another realm that exists beyond the human one. Thrown into this is agent Motoko Kusanagi, ordered to stop a mysterious being that is able to travel the virtual world without a body, hacking into and destroying anything and anyone who tries to stop it. However, her connection with the mysterious entity known only as "Puppet Master" may change her forever. Released worldwide, Ghost in the Shell received as much, if not more, acclaim than its predesscessor Akira and helped to solidify Japanese anime as the ultimate alternative medium to conventional animation. By this time, a healthy fan base had grown even on international shores where Disney and the Looney Tunes were the norm. Anime had finally returned to stand with its roots.
Lesson 5 - Anime Today: Where it is, Where it's Going
Today, anime is alive and well, but also continuing to evolve and grow. In Japan, new series are shown on TV networks every day, with seemingly no end in sight, and well-established studios such as Toei still stand among newer animation studios to create new and exciting anime series. Though in 2001, an economical recession seems to have hit Japan, the anime medium is chugging along nicely, at least from an international point of view. The continued release of anime in Japan ensures its life even in the face of economic hardship.
Internationally, and especially in the West, the anime movement has grown to new heights at the start of the 21st century. Companies such as Bandai Entertainment, Viz Video, ADV Films, and Pioneer have become larger and more profitable than in previous years, able to release many popular series from Japan in both VHS and the new DVD format. An increasing fan base and plenty of future appealing releases has legitimized the existence of these tireless individuals who work to bring Japanese animation to other shores, in original Japanese and dubbed formats. The internet boom has also served to fuel awareness of anime, with sites like our own AnimeInfo.org and others helping to inform and cultivate interest in the medium, and others like Rightstuf.com and Animenation.com serving as vendors for anime-related merchandise. Anime conventions in the USA, such as the West Coast's Anime Expo, Midwest's Anime Central, and East Coast's Otakon have also been a factor in brining together anime fans of all ages in appreciation of the near 50 year old medium.
In the general public eye, anime is still making progress as a properly recognized medium. Though stereotypes and misrepresentations (as well as fair and objective stories) are still present in the mainstream media, the recognition of anime has still made progress from its roots in the 70's and even from the boom of the 80's and 90's. Akira, the 1988 cult hit, is being remastered for release worldwide and should be out very soon. Recent animated feature films "Perfect Blue" and "Princess Mononoke" have piqued the curiosity of many people not very familiar with anime (and in the case of "Princess Mononoke", mainstream actors were even cast as English dub voices). And Cartoon Network's Toonami, while criticized by some anime fans for broadcasting heavily edited and watered down anime series, has nevertheless served as a huge influence in the past year or so to bring in new anime fans, with its broadcasts of the "Tenchi Muyo" series, "Dragonball Z", "Gundam Wing", and "The Big O", among others.
With these and many more factors in place, the outlook looks very good for anime as it works to stay a fresh and exciting medium for many fans both nationally and internationally. The history of anime is a very progressive one, showing a medium that has changed and evolved so much over the years. The future, perhaps, may bring us to even more changes to benefit Japanese animation and its many fans.
You can also read about Anime here:
In the early 20th century, motion pictures and the audio that would eventually accompany them were in their infancy. Forays by Western artists into the film industry were followed by those in the East, Japan included. The first animated films also were born in this time, and the idea of a "cartoon" was just making its way off of the newspaper pages and into films. Though the West had very few creations that were animated in this way, they still creeped ahead, and it was not until 1914 that Japanese cartoonists began their own experiments with animated motion pictures, and those that did make it onto the projector screen are hardly worth mentioning.
Part of this was due to the already-dominant presence of Western animators in the world, most notably, the Walt Disney studios (creators of Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, and many other popular cartoon characters still known today) and the Fleischer Brothers (who went on to animate Popeye the Sailor and Superman, but who were most well-known for their creation of "flapper" girl Betty Boop). These two forces in the animation world produced masterpieces that would set standards for the "Cartoon" medium for years to come. Disney, with full-length creations like "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" and breakthrough shorts such as the famous "Steamboat Willie" cartoon with the first appearance of Mickey Mouse, was instrumental in dictating the standard for animated materials.
By comparison, the Japanese were slow to get into the realm of animation, and, as said above, are hardly mentionable with regards to early animated filmography. While this can possibly be attributed to normal conservatism on the part of the Japanese, one could also cite Japan's fairly recent (albeit over 50 years ago) rise out of global isolationism as a factor in the acceptance of (or resistance to) experimental mediums such as animation. Comparisons with the revolutionary animated products of the West seemed to be a no-contest.
However, as the Second World War came and went, the Japanese would experience a movement into animation not unlike the rise of its counterparts in the West. These would be the seeds that would eventually grow into the medium of anime.
Lesson 2 - The Birth of Anime
During and after the Second World War, there was a man by the name of Osamu Tezuka. A factory worker during the war and an aspiring doctor, Tezuka was heavily influenced by the early animation of Disney and the Flesicher Brothers in the West. As a child, Tezuka found solace and enjoyment in his father's projector reels featuring characters such as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. He also found popularity and respect among his peers for imitating the style of the cartoons he saw, by drawing ones of his own. It was this early love of animation that would fuel not only his future success, but also, ultimately, the birth of anime and manga as we know it today.
Historians and knowledgeable fans alike agree that Tezuka was the precursor to both manga and anime, and there's definitely good reasoning and evidence behind it. He was the first to come out with a novel-length drawn story (titled "Shintakarajima", or "New Treasure Island") in 1947, the very first well-known "tankoubon" or "graphic novel" as the West calls them. In 1963, he was the first to produce an internationally successful animation series in "Testuwan Atom", or, as we know it, "Astro Boy". Along with Toei Animation (which Tezuka had worked with as a character designer), Tezuka's Mushi Productions was among the first in Japanese animation studios.
In both his drawn stories and in his animation, Tezuka was a pioneer to the Japanese. Drawing on the influences of the cartoons he watched as a child, Tezuka used large heads and expressive faces in his style of drawing. The unusually large eyes especially were of note, as Tezuka wanted to be able to display a range of emotions for his characters, and felt that large eyes were essential to achieving this. This drawing and animation style of Tezuka's would go on to influence many future anime and manga artists, and the trend can still be seen today in many popular anime.
astro boy picTezuka and his studio were also revolutionaries in that they told overhanging plot and stories with their animation. Unlike the West, where individual cartoons were mostly episodic in nature (i.e. "stand-alone"), Tezuka's "Astro Boy" and later work "Kimba the White Lion" told a continuing story revolving around recurring characters, both heroes and villains. Characters were also subject to change - for example, Kimba eventually grows from a young lion into an adult lion.This use of plot elements, previously seen only in live-action TV series, was something that would become one of the main appeals and selling points of anime for most, if not all its fans.
Lesson 3 - Anime Rises to Power: The Early 70's
As Mushi and Toei continued to pave the way for Japanese animation to succeed, the anime medium began to change and grow. The period of the 1970's saw changes in the Japanese animation medium that began to split it from its previously-influential Western sources. The groundwork was now laid for the animation field in Japan and certain series in the 1970's highlighted things that were to become the foundation of the "uniqueness" of the anime medium.
One of the most obvious anime "trends" that was established in this time period was the appearance of "mecha" in anime. Mecha, short for "mechanical", is the term used to describe the giant robots and machines that are typical of some anime shown today. Mecha anime has become somewhat of a sub-genre of anime itself and is one of its most common vanguards, and its roots date back to the 1970's.
Mazinger picOne of the earliest "mecha" types of anime was "Mazinger Z", a creation of artist Go Nagai, who would go on to influence another trend in anime in later years. The story revolved around an evil mad scientist, Dr. Hell, who had found lost robotic technology and used it to build robots of destruction. To counter this, a rival scientist created Mazinger Z, a robot with a plethora of weapons and abilities. Unfortunately, the scientist was killed by the evil Dr. Hell, but not before the scientist's grandson was warned, enabling him to find and pilot the large Mazinger machine. Mazinger Z went on to spawn many episodes and feature films and was one of the most successful of mecha animes. It seemed that giant robot battles were things that drew in viewers in Japan, which explains the later success of live-action series such as Ultraman.
Another convention that began to be used in anime in the 70's was a tweaking of the conventional plot aspects that had become ingrained in anime at its inception a decade or so ago. Aside from the regular "good guy" vs. "bad guy" concept, subtle variations in storyline and character perception began to appear. The anime "Lupin Sansei" or "Lupin III" focused on a main "good guy" character with rather unscrupulous qualities (he was a master thief). The misadventures of Lupin were among some of the more prominent series during this time. "Devilman" was another anime with an "anti-hero", in that it involved a main character who possessed a demon in order to defeat other demons. These series and more would guarantee more "unconventionality" in anime, and an expansion of its characterization formulae.
Mobile suit gundom 0080 pipMecha and unique characterization would come together, however, in a drama/action series that was to become one of the most acclaimed anime series of all time. "Mobile Suit Gundam", first appearing in 1979, involved a war between Earth and its first space colonies, using mechanical piloted robot "suits" for warfare. These "Gundam" mechas were among one of the most loved among viewers at the time and a healthy merchandising market of models served to bolster the series' popularity. In addition to the heart-stopping battles, the thematics of war were introduced into the series. War was not without consequences, and the situations and thoughts of the characters in the series captivated audienes as much as the action did. With the success of the Gundam series, the anime movement was prepared to explode onto the Japanese (and international) scene - and it did.
Lesson 4 - The Anime Boom of the 80's and 90's
As the 80's came and went on, Anime began to kick into high gear. By this time, the Japanese animation medium was a national mainstay and an international cult fan favorite (known as "Japanimation"). Though the few anime series that did make it onto international shores were either very vaguely known, such as Speed Racer, or horrendously cut for public consumption, such as Robotech (made from bits and pieces of three original related mecha series in Japan, with drastic changes in storyline), the medium continued its rise.
Ranma picContinuing with Tezuka's fundamental trend in telling stories as well as following the drama that was seen in such series as Mobile Suit Gundam, acclaimed manga artist Rumiko Takahashi was (and still is) one of the most prominent figures during this time period. Having first become known for her comedy work "Lum: Urusei Yatsura" ("Those Obnoxious Aliens"), which was extremely popular, Takahashi dabbled in the romantic and comedy fields, drawing and animating some of the best-known anime series of all time. "Ranma 1/2", which concentrated on a main character with the ability to change gender via hot and cold water, is still popular and is still being released today by Viz Video and ran for over 100 episodes. And today, Takahashi is adding a feather of horror to her already plentiful plume, with "Inu-Yasha" - a story containing romantic, horror, and comedy elements. The story centers around a girl who finds a well that goes back in time to ancient mythological Japan, where she teams up with a half-demon in order to save the world.
As Takahashi and others continued to develop anime's storytelling, Go Nagai, creator of Mazinger Z, and others in his vein worked to develop an aspect of anime that had until now had seen minimal exposure in some of Tezuka's manga works - that of anime for adults. Breaking from the concept that animation was supposed to be only for kids, Nagai created series such as "Cutey Honey", featuring a rather well-endowed female lead who could change appearance into any number of seductive roles, and "Kekko Kamen", a hilarious satire on superhero animations that featured, of all things, a naked superheroine. This and other "adult anime" have been said by some to be a blessing and a curse - while it does add another dimension to the medium, it also fuels one of anime's greatest stereotypes of being nothing more than "animated pornography". Regardless, Nagai's work helped to expose the anime medium to even more types of fans.
Akira picThe number of well-known anime series had doubled, if not tripled, from the early 70's, as companies like Shogakukan/Kitty Films and Pioneer joined the already-established Toei Animation and Tezuka Productions. But the final establishment of anime's national and international presence was yet to come. Two milestones in the history of anime were created during this already booming time period. The first of these was "Akira" released in 1988 to worldwide acclaim. Set in apocalyptic Tokyo, the film featured a motorcycle gang that faces internal strife after their discovery of a child with psychic abilities. Ultimately this struggle has more to it than meets the eye as the military, government scientists, and resistance movements become involved. With its incredible, somewhat gory animation, action, and gripping storyline, Akira became one of the best-known anime feature films not only in Japan, but all over the world, and is one that some anime fans will say got them into the genre in the first place.
Ghost in the Shell pic1995 brought with it the second milestone in anime - Masamune Shirow's "Ghost in the Shell", another feature film set in a cyberpunk-like era. In this age, humans are enhanced with cybernetic parts and have mastered the ability to travel through an internet-like sea of information, another realm that exists beyond the human one. Thrown into this is agent Motoko Kusanagi, ordered to stop a mysterious being that is able to travel the virtual world without a body, hacking into and destroying anything and anyone who tries to stop it. However, her connection with the mysterious entity known only as "Puppet Master" may change her forever. Released worldwide, Ghost in the Shell received as much, if not more, acclaim than its predesscessor Akira and helped to solidify Japanese anime as the ultimate alternative medium to conventional animation. By this time, a healthy fan base had grown even on international shores where Disney and the Looney Tunes were the norm. Anime had finally returned to stand with its roots.
Lesson 5 - Anime Today: Where it is, Where it's Going
Today, anime is alive and well, but also continuing to evolve and grow. In Japan, new series are shown on TV networks every day, with seemingly no end in sight, and well-established studios such as Toei still stand among newer animation studios to create new and exciting anime series. Though in 2001, an economical recession seems to have hit Japan, the anime medium is chugging along nicely, at least from an international point of view. The continued release of anime in Japan ensures its life even in the face of economic hardship.
Internationally, and especially in the West, the anime movement has grown to new heights at the start of the 21st century. Companies such as Bandai Entertainment, Viz Video, ADV Films, and Pioneer have become larger and more profitable than in previous years, able to release many popular series from Japan in both VHS and the new DVD format. An increasing fan base and plenty of future appealing releases has legitimized the existence of these tireless individuals who work to bring Japanese animation to other shores, in original Japanese and dubbed formats. The internet boom has also served to fuel awareness of anime, with sites like our own AnimeInfo.org and others helping to inform and cultivate interest in the medium, and others like Rightstuf.com and Animenation.com serving as vendors for anime-related merchandise. Anime conventions in the USA, such as the West Coast's Anime Expo, Midwest's Anime Central, and East Coast's Otakon have also been a factor in brining together anime fans of all ages in appreciation of the near 50 year old medium.
In the general public eye, anime is still making progress as a properly recognized medium. Though stereotypes and misrepresentations (as well as fair and objective stories) are still present in the mainstream media, the recognition of anime has still made progress from its roots in the 70's and even from the boom of the 80's and 90's. Akira, the 1988 cult hit, is being remastered for release worldwide and should be out very soon. Recent animated feature films "Perfect Blue" and "Princess Mononoke" have piqued the curiosity of many people not very familiar with anime (and in the case of "Princess Mononoke", mainstream actors were even cast as English dub voices). And Cartoon Network's Toonami, while criticized by some anime fans for broadcasting heavily edited and watered down anime series, has nevertheless served as a huge influence in the past year or so to bring in new anime fans, with its broadcasts of the "Tenchi Muyo" series, "Dragonball Z", "Gundam Wing", and "The Big O", among others.
With these and many more factors in place, the outlook looks very good for anime as it works to stay a fresh and exciting medium for many fans both nationally and internationally. The history of anime is a very progressive one, showing a medium that has changed and evolved so much over the years. The future, perhaps, may bring us to even more changes to benefit Japanese animation and its many fans.
You can also read about Anime here:
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